It takes you on average about 2-4 hours to create a Sniper site, and this includes everything from researching a niche to finding a product to promote

Google Sniper 2.0 has taken the online community by storm and is quickly generating a huge amount of online success stories, and allowing a great number of people to quit full time employment...



2 hours to make websites generate over $5,000 a month on autopilot...
FACT: This system has generated more online successes than any other system to date...
Google Sniper pulls in passive profits, with zero traffic generation...





It’s always refreshing to see new strategies to make money online. However, the majority of the time I’m pretty disappointed with the results.

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Check out Google Sniper 2.0 here
       





Title: A proven strategy that WORKS...
Title: I’ve been waiting for a product like this for some time.

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As people we all value time over money right? Well a strategy that generates you a good deal of money but takes you 16 hours a day to operate isn’t a good one. Yes you’ll make money, but you won’t have any time to enjoy that money. But Google Sniper really makes you commission on autopilot. It takes on average 2-4 hours to set up, and then you simply can just relax. Why?






There’s no traffic generation involved!

● No PPC
● No Link Building
● No Social Media - No Facebook, Twitter, Tumblr or anything or that sort
● No CPA
● No More Spending Time On Months Of Content Either...

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Google Sniper 2.0 really is a must for anyone looking to make money online. The 104-page eBook guides you through the process, and is reinforced by the step-by-step walkthrough videos. The monthly option of Sniper X also keeps everything up to date, and gives you even more strategies and tactics to make more money from your sniper sites. But that choice is optional...

So with more success stories generated than any other make money online strategy? It’s a no brainer; check it out here

           




New system rakes in $1,500-$4,000 a month...
Amazing New Online Money Making System Generates $1,547 A DAY...
It’s finally here... A system that rakes in monthly pay cheques on autopilot.

Google Sniper 2.0 is an amazing new system that anyone can make money from. It’s simple, it doesn’t involve a heavy investment and proof shows it works! That’s a type of strategy we all want right?

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● This system is EASY to implement.
● There’s NO traffic generation required.
● There’s no need to dedicate hundreds of hours each month.
● And it’s generated more online success stories than any other course...

Do a simple search for “make money online” and you’ll discover that there’s a lot of “push button software’s” that promise to generate you an income online, and there’s a lot of strategies that simply don’t work. Google Sniper 2.0 has taken the online community by storm and is quickly generating a huge amount of online success stories, and allowing a great number of people to quit full time employment...

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See what the hype is about by checking out Google Sniper here

           

Pumped Hydro, Fuel Cell, Supercapacitor, Superconducting Magnetic Enrgy Storage to meet Peak Hour demand of Grid

Energy or Electricity storage in small quantity is being done by lead-acid batteries and capacitors. Contrary to the general belief that energy can’t be stored in huge quantity there are many devices already in use which may store Mega Watts and even Giga Watts.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) systems store energy in the magnetic field created by the flow of direct current in a superconducting coil. Superconducting Magnetic Storage Energy Systems store energy within a magnet and release it within a fraction of a cycle.

In compressed air energy storage, off-peak power is taken from the Grid and is used to pump air into a sealed underground cavern to a high pressure. Compressed air stored is utilized during peak hour for generation of electricity. For compression of air renewable energy sources such as solar and wind may be utilized.

Super capacitors and Ultra capacitors are the new super battery for energy storage. Super capacitors will supply power to the system when there are surges.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that derives its energy from combustible substances such as hydrogen, methane, propane, and methanol. A fuel cell converts a source fuel into an electric current.

Making ice during night and using it for cooling of building at day time is also good idea to store electricity.

Molten salt solar energy storage, Ammonia energy storage, Flywheel energy storage plant and natural and synthetic zeolites are also some innovation which is already in developmental stages.

For storing energy in huge quantity Pumped storage hydro power plant is best option. Water from sea, River, Lake and Used flooded mines may be pumped to height at 500 to 700 meters by making reservoirs at hill. Reversible Pump-Turbine and Motor-Generator set is being used for the purpose. Combined efficiency of this system may be higher than 70%. Off peak power from conventional sources such as Thermal Power Plant or Nuclear Power Plant may be used. Renewable energy sources such as solar or wind may also be used for pumping of water to higher elevation. Pumped storage hydro power plant is very profitable as energy may be purchased during night or off peak period at negligible cost and same power may be sold at very higher prices at Peak Hours. Fluctuation is frequency and voltage may be minimized and smart management of grid is added advantage.

There are old hydro power plants which run on base load and even water is spilled during rainy season. Wastage of energy due to spilling of water may be avoided by increasing generation capacity. By increasing generation capacity these hydro power plants may be used for peak load demands. Installing new hydro power plants involves great cost and time but increasing its generation capacity involves negligible cost and time. This type of hydro power plants may be termed as elated hydro power plant and best for meeting peak hour demand. Commercially these Hydro power plants may bring huge profits for investors and stability in Grid may be ensured by this idea. Pumping losses may be completely avoided which may be more than 25% in case of Pumped hydro power plant.Elated and Pumped Hydro power plant may store electricity in Giga Watt and these are feasible solution which are ensuring grid stability and bring huge profits for investors. Others innovation is also fast becoming commercially viable solution and may become reliable source of energy storage so that renewable energy may effectively used in future.

Development of energy storage devices may ensure effective use of intermittent renewable energy sources such as solar and wind which are source of clean and green energy and may replace other polluting energy sources in future.Our future is heavily dependent on innovation of energy or electricity storage devices which may pave the way for effective use of clean energy sources.


http://energystoragedevices.blogspot.com/
Elated Hydro Power Plant, Pumped Hydro Power Plant, Superconducting magnetic, Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies, in a revolutionary leap that could transform solar power from a marginal, boutique alternative into a mainstream energy source, MIT researchers

How to run Thermal Power Plants?

Introduction, Facts, Problem Solution and Tackle Emergencies of Thermal Power Plant


Boiler is used for steam generation.


Ball Mill or Bowl mills are used for pulverisation of coal in powder form for efficient firing in boiler.


Raw Coal Feeders are used to supply coal to ball mills in controlled quantity.


Primary Air Fan is used to transport and preheat pulverised coal to burners.


Induced Draught Fan is used to exhaust flue gases to Chimney and create vacuum in Furnace.



Electrostatic Precipitators are used to separate ash particles from flue gases to control pollution. Here collecting electrode, emitting electrode and rapping mechanism used to dislodge fly ash particle.


FD Fan used to provide air to boiler for help in firing which is called secondary air.


Steam produced in boiler is further superheated in Super heaters. There are lot super heaters such as platen, pendent, convection and final super heaters.


Boiler drum used for separation of steam from water and storage. Nowadays drum less once through boiler also used which operates at super critical temperature and Pressure.


Boiler circulation pump used for forced circulation of water in water wall because at high pressure natural circulation is not possible.


Soot Blowers used to remove soot from water wall, Super heater, Re heaters and Air Heaters by injecting steam into heating surfaces.


Ash slurry pumps are used to flush ash with water.


Boiler Feed Pump used to provide water to boiler Drum.


De aerator used to separate dissolved air from Feed water.


In Turbine heat energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy.


ESV which is called emergency stop valve used to stop supply of steam to turbine when unit trips.


Re heaters used to reheat steam exhausted from HP turbine. After reheating up to 535 degree Centigrade same steam is utilised in Intermediate Pressure Turbine.


Barring gear or shaft turning gear is used to rotate turbine rotor at 3.15 rpm when turbine is not running to check bending of rotor due to its own weight.


LP Heaters and HP Heaters are used to heat condensate and feed water supplied to boiler to increase efficiency by steam bled from turbine extraction.


Economiser is used to heat feed water by flue gages to increase efficiency. Heat of waste flue gas is utilised here.


Air Heaters uses heat of waste flue gases to preheat primary and secondary air. There are two types of air heaters tubular and rotary.


Condenser used to condense steam exhausted from turbine.


Condensate Pump are used to supply water to De aerator from condenser Hot well.


CW Pump used to cool steam exhausted from turbine into condensers.


Raw Water is circulated by cw pump into condenser tube hence leakage from condenser tubes must be checked to avoid mixing of raw water into Hot well.


Turbo generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.


H2 Gas used in generators used for cooling of generators.


Seal Oil system used to seal hydrogen gas from escape from generator.


Stator Water Cooling system provides demineralised water into hollow stator conductor of generator for its cooling.


Generating Tans former steps up voltage for transmission.


Water Treatment Plant is used to produce demineralised water for steam generation. Cation anion and degasifier tower used to separate mineral and gases from water.PAC or alum used to separate mud and silica from water. Here minerals removed from water and pH value is maintained near 7 and silica value must less than 0.02 ppm


Coal Handling Plant supplies Coal to Boiler. Merry go round system or wagon tippler used to unload coal into hoppers. Coal is crushed in crusher to crush it in 25mm size. Magnetic separators used to separate metallic particles from coal.


ABCB, SF6, OCB, MOCB and VCB are circuit breakers used to make or break electricity contact at load.


Isolators are used to make or break contact at no loads.

ABT

ABT is availability based tariff and frequency based pricing system to maintain Grid discipline.


Purging is done to clean furnace from combustible gases by running ID Fan and FD Fan at least 30% load for 5 minutes to avoid furnace explosion.


Furnace explosion may be checked by timely purging and adjusting firing properly using right quantity of primary and secondary air and timely oil support and avoiding leakage of fuel oil in boiler. Furnace must be purged properly again if flame is not established during light up of boiler.


Flame scanners used to sense flame in boiler to detect flame failure to avoid boiler furnace explosion.


FSSS is furnace safeguards supervisory system to safeguard boiler.

How to avoid Clinker Formation in Boiler?
Clinker Formation in Boiler of Thermal Power Station is due to high Ash Content which have low fusion temperature below 1470 degree Centigrade and Minerals present in it. Due to poor Quality of Coal ash got fused and mineral content stick into Water Wall which is very difficult to remove often requires removal by pneumatic machines. This Clinker deposition may be stopped to some extent if sufficient water is sprayed into hopper and regular poking and using good quality of coal. Ash fusion temperature must be above 1470 degree Centigrade and soot blowing regularly at load by injecting steam by wall blowers. Over firing is also responsible hence firing must be properly adjusted by proper balance of primary and secondary air in boiler.



Accumulation of clinker may be checked if poking of hoppers done regularly and any negligence may start process of clinker deposition. If clinker is not removed immediately then same may choke hopper and often workers got burnt due to sudden fall of hot water which accumulated in hopper.


Once clinker formed into hopper than outage of unit is evident otherwise clinker may deposit in huge quantity which will be very difficult to remove because minerals content present in coal fused with ash deposit into water wall. Such hard Lumps of Clinkers requires pneumatic hammering which takes very much time resulting in forced closure of unit for weeks.



Although cause of clinker formation is poor coal quality and high mineral content in coal but accumulation in Water Wall is result of negligence by Workers and Engineers who do not poke hopper regularly and spray insufficient amount of water into hopper which may not flush fused slag to channels. Outage of clinker grinder and soot blower is also matter of concern may be termed as negligence.



Hence it is advised never blame to low coal quality, low GCV, low ash fusion temperature and high mineral content in coal. Instead of blaming to above factors try regular poking and provide sufficient water in hopper. Clinker Grinders must be made operational. Soot blowing must be done regularly by injecting steam. In India coal supplied to power plants is mostly of low quality which has high ash content so precaution is best solution here to avoid deposition and formation of clinkers in Boiler.


Precaution may stop clinker deposition and formation so remain vigilant.
Boiler Tube Leak Detection by Acoustic Monitoring Instruments

Acoustic Instruments may be used to detect early boiler tube leak to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts. Boiler acoustic tube leak detection system must be used as it prevents damage to costly boiler parts and it is very much cost effective. An increase in boiler availability of just one day will more than cover the cost of a leak detection system.




Traditional leak detection system such hearing hissing sound by ear or monitoring feed water flow or furnace vacuum is not much reliable because it can not detect small leak so damage to vital costly equipment of boiler may not be avoided. Writer noticed many instances where thermal power plants boiler allowed to run for long time due to confusion which caused permanent damage to many boiler tubes, refractory and boiler structures. Hence importance of acoustic monitoring leak detection systems sincerely felt.




Acoustic leak detection sensors detect high frequency emissions from site of leak and Sensitive piezoelectric sensors mounted to the structure transform these acoustic waves to electronic voltage signals, which are amplified, filtered, and processed to determine energy content.




Early detection by acoustic monitoring instruments results in substantial reduction of repair times and costs with a consequent increase in plant availability and profits. The early detection of a boiler tube leak will give financial savings which will easily exceed the initial capital cost of the detection system even at the very first event.




http://www.acousticmonitoring.com/


Acoustic monitoring international


p (330)305-1422f (330)494-9822-16707 harbour drive n.w cantou Ohio 447


http://www.proconeng.com/mainfiles/boilerleak.html



procon engineering


http://www.triple5industries.com/


http://www.steamleak.com/


How to Run Thermal Power Plant Units Efficiently?

How to run units efficiently and safely is big question today? Thermal Power Plant Units require great care during operation. Only highly trained Employees and Engineers may handle effectively. Only Quality Training Programmes for Engineers and Operators may ensure efficient Running. Greatest Importance must be given to such Training Programmes. Frequent trippings, damage of auxiliaries and Accidents are seen if Engineers and Employees are not properly trained. Engineers must know important facts and Operational Precaution for efficient operation of Units which are described below.
Coal is received from mines by Merry Go Round System. Old Power Houses uses the Wagon Tripler which turns Wagon to unload it. Coal is crushed up to size of 25 mm and Magnetic particles are separated. If Coal is not properly crushed and Iron pieces not separated then Pulverisers and Raw Coal Feeders will face severe problems. Chain of Raw Coal Feeder may damage due to metallic parts present in Coal. Big Size Coal may affect grinding capacity of our Pulverisers.

Raw Coal Feeders are used to provide controlled quantity of Coal to Pulverisers. Ball Mill or Bowl Mill is being used to grind coal in powder form for efficiently burning Coal.

Primary Air Fan provides air for transportation of Coal and its drying. Forced Draught Fan provides Secondary Air help burning coal. Important points which must be remember that Ratio of Primary and Secondary must be proper. Quantity of Primary Air, Secondary Air and Pulverised Coal must be properly adjusted and firing must be checked properly by flame scanners so that they may not be unburnt coal.

Air from Feed Water is separated by De aerator. Hydrazine is dosed here so that oxygen is removed from feed water. Phosphate dosing is done in Boiler Drum to separate Silica particles from feed water. Dosing of Phosphate and Hydrazine must be properly monitored. Sample of water must be timely getting checked from Lab so that deposition of silica in Boiler Tubes and Turbine Blades may be avoided. Continuous Blow Down valve is generally opened up to 10% to 30% as per sample reports from water chemistry lab.

At the start of boiler ignitors or oil rows if the flame is not established then we must relight boiler after purging. Boiler Furnace explosion may be avoided by timely purging and stoppage of leakage of fuel oil in
furnace. Purging is done before every light up of boiler by starting Induced Draft Fan and Forced Draft
Fan for five minute and maintains 30% air flow for five minutes so that UN burnt fuel and gases present in
boiler furnace may escape.

At low load always take fuel oil support to avoid flame failure.

Soot blowing which done to dislodge soot from boiler tubes must be regularly done by injecting steam at
sufficient pressure and temperature as per manufacturer's guidelines and instructions.

Poking of ash hoppers must be continuously monitored so that hoppers may not choke and further
deposition of clinkers takes place. Clinker grinders must be made operational.

L P Drain which are provided at boiler zero meter for draining water if salt concentration and silica value
increases must be operated under strict guidance and monitoring. L P Drain valve must be opened
partially, one by one for less than one minute otherwise water wall may damage due to stoppage of natural circulation. It is best practice to operate L P Drain at the time of light up of boiler when pressure and
temperature is relatively low.

Isolators must be opened or closed at no Loads and Circuit Breakers may be opened or closed at Load.

Stator water cooling system is provided for cooling of Generator Stator Conductors where Demineralised water is circulated in hollow conductors. Quality of Demineralised water must be monitored.

Power Plant Auxiliaries such as I D Fan, F D Fan, and PA Fan must be started at no load because at the time of start of motor it takes nearly 14 times more current. Position of Discharge and Suction Dampers must be properly checked.

For starting Boiler Feed Pump we must ensure that suction valve is opened and discharge valve is closed and recirculation valve must be opened.

Interlock and Protection must be timely checked to know its functioning.

At the instant of tripping of unit we must open Main breaker first and after Main breaker is tripped and current in all three phases shows zero then we must open field breaker of generator for its safety.
D C Seal oil Pump, D C Lube oil Pump, D C Fire Pump must be started daily to check its functioning.

Barring Gear or Shaft Turning Gear must be immediately engaged when turbine rotor speed reaches to zero to avoid its bending.

At the time of Boiler Tube Leakage we must immediately trip the unit to avoid secondary damage. Feed flow quantity, De aerator level, Furnace Vacuum must be monitored regularly. Hissing sound may be observed from site in case of tube leakage. Acoustic Monitoring Instruments may also be used to detect small Boiler Tube Leakage up to size of 2.5 mm with its correct location. This system may detect leakage at the moment it starts.

Operation of Modern Thermal Power Plant requires great attention and Precaution for its safe and efficient running although many advanced protection, auto and burner management system which are controlled by latest software and computer are provided. Engineers engaged in operation should remain vigilant, understand the procedures to control emergencies and prepare for many more unexpected circumstances.


http://boilerdetails.blogspot.com/


https://sites.google.com/site/thermaltraining/


how a coal power station works?

Acoustic Instruments may be used to detect early boiler tube leak to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts

Acoustic monitoring Instruments for Boiler tube leakage detection in Thermal Power Plants are cost effective hence must be installed immediately.


Acoustic Instruments may be used to detect early boiler tube leak to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts. Boiler acoustic tube leak detection system must be used as it prevents damage to costly boiler parts and it is very much cost effective. An increase in boiler availability of just one day will more than cover the cost of a leak detection system.





Traditional leak detection system such hearing hissing sound by ear or monitoring feed water flow or furnace vacuum is not much reliable because it can not detect small leak so damage to vital costly equipment of boiler may not be avoided. Writer noticed many instances where thermal power plants boiler allowed to run for long time due to confusion which caused permanent damage to many boiler tubes, refractory and boiler structures. Hence importance of acoustic monitoring leak detection systems sincerely felt.




Acoustic leak detection sensors detect high frequency emissions from site of leak and Sensitive piezoelectric sensors mounted to the structure transform these acoustic waves to electronic voltage signals, which are amplified, filtered, and processed to determine energy content.




Early detection by acoustic monitoring instruments results in substantial reduction of repair times and costs with a consequent increase in plant availability and profits. The early detection of a boiler tube leak will give financial savings which will easily exceed the initial capital cost of the detection system even at the very first event.




Finally, Acoustic monitoring instruments must be installed in boilers of thermal power plants. For more details go to


http://www.acousticmonitoring.com/


Acoustic monitoring international


p(330)305-1422f(330)494-9822-16707 harbour drive n.w cantou ohio 447


http://www.proconeng.com/mainfiles/boilerleak.html


procon engineering


http://www.triple5industries.com/


http://www.steamleak.com/


know more about boiler tube leakage, avoid clinker formation and furnace explosion


http://boilerdetails.blogspot.com/

MINOR AND MAJOR BOILER TUBE LEAKAGE

MINOR AND MAJOR BOILER TUBE LEAKAGE

IF THE BOILER TUBE LEAKAGE IS MINOR AND IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO HOLD DRUM LEVEL AND DEARATOR LEVEL THE BOILER CAN BE TAKEN OUT OF SERVICE IN THE NORMAL MANNER.SYMPTOMS OF BOILER TUBE LEAKAGE ARE ABNORMAL NOISE,HISSING,INCREASE IN FEED FLOW,VISIBLE LEAKAGE OUTSIDE THE UNIT,STACK EMISSION,UNSTABLE FLAME,DROP IN THE FLUE GAS TEMPERATURE AND DROP IN DRUM LEVEL.IN ABOVE CASES REDUCE THE LOAD ON THE SET AND PREPARE TO WITHDRAW THE UNIT AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE.


IN CASE OF MAJOR TUBE BURST,IT CAN CAUSE FURTHER DAMAGE TO OTHER PRESSURE PARTS IN THE VICINITY.IT CAN CAUSE FLAME FAILURE IF THE TUBE LEAKAGE HAPPENS TO BE THE FURNACE ZONE.IN THIS CONDITION IT WILL BE DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN LEVEL IN THE DRUM.THIS TYPE OF TUBE BURST WILL BE APPARENT BY THE LOUD NOISE OF THE STEAM.IN SUCH CASES TRIP THE BOILER IMMEDIATELY,SHUT OFF FEED WATER TO THE BOILER,SHUT OFF F D FANS.LET THE I D FANS RUN AT THE MINIMUM LOAD TO EVACUATE ESCAPING STEAM TO STACK.TWO OR THREE HOURS AFTER THE PRESSURE IS OFF ,OPEN THE MANIFOLDS AND LET THE BOILER COOL DOWN WITH MINIMUM AIR FLOW.

Precaution may stop clinker deposition and formation so remain vigilant.

Clinker Formation in Boiler of Thermal Power Station is due to high Ash Content which have low fusion temperature below 1500 degree Centigrade and Minerals present in it. Due to poor Quality of Coal ash got fused and mineral content stick into Water Wall which is very difficult to remove often requires removal by pneumatic machines. This Clinker deposition may be stopped to some extent if sufficient water is sprayed into hopper and regular poking to remove deposition and using good quality of coal. Fusion temperature must be above 1500 degree Centigrade and soot blowing regularly at load by injecting steam by wall blowers. Over firing is also responsible hence firing must be properly adjusted by proper balance of primary and secondary air in boiler.



Accumulation of clinker may be checked if poking of hoppers done regularly and any negligence may start process of clinker deposition. If clinker is not removed immediately then same may choke hopper and often workers got burnt due to sudden fall of hot water which accumulated in hopper.


Once clinker formed into hopper than outage of unit is evident otherwise clinker may deposit in huge quantity which will be very difficult to remove because minerals content present in coal fused with ash deposit into water wall. Such hard Lumps of Clinkers requires pneumatic hammering which takes very much time resulting in forced closure of unit for weeks.



Although cause of clinker formation is poor coal quality and high mineral content in coal but accumulation in Water Wall is result of negligence by Workers and Engineers who do not poke hopper regularly and spray insufficient amount of water into hopper which may not flush fused slag to channels. Outage of clinker grinder and soot blower is also matter of concern may be termed as negligence.



Hence it is advised never blame to low coal quality, low GCV, low ash fusion temperature and high mineral content in coal. Instead of blaming to above factors try regular poking and provide sufficient water in hopper. Clinker Grinders must be made operational. Soot blowing must be done regularly by injecting steam. In India coal supplied to power plants is mostly of low quality which has high ash content so precaution is best solution here to avoid deposition and formation of clinkers in Boiler.


Precaution may stop clinker deposition and formation so remain vigilant.

Introduction and some facts about large thermal power station for efficient operation.

Boiler Turbo generator GT ESP ABT FSS De aerator Scanners Soot blowers Air heaters Economisers Super heaters Re heaters ID FD PA Fan BFP LPH HPH CW Pump
Introduction and some facts about large thermal power station for efficient operation.


Boiler is used for steam generation.


Ball Mill or Bowl mills are used for pulverisation of coal in powder form for efficient firing in boiler.


Raw Coal Feeders are used to supply coal to ball mills in controlled quantity.


PA Fan is used to transport and preheat pulverised coal to burners.


ID Fan is used to exhaust flue gases to chimney and create vacuum in Furnace.


Electrostatic Precipitators are used to separate ash particles from flue gases to control pollution. Here collecting electrode emitting electrode and rapping mechanism used.


FD Fan used to provide air to boiler for help in firing.


Steam produced in boiler is further superheated in Super heaters. There are lot super heaters such as platen, pendent, convection and final super heaters.


Boiler drum used for separation of steam from water and storage. Nowadays drum less once through boiler also used which operates at super critical temperature and Pressure.


Boiler circulation pump used for forced circulation of water in water wall because at high pressure natural circulation is not possible.


Soot Blowers used to remove soot from water wall, Super heater, Re heaters and Air Heaters by injecting steam into heating surfaces.


Ash slurry pumps are used to flush ash with water.


Boiler Feed Pump used to provide water to boiler Drum.


Deaerator used to separate dissolved air from Feed water.


In Turbine heat energy of steam is converted into mechanical energy.


ESV which is called emergency stop valve used to stop supply of steam to turbine when unit trips.


Re heaters used to reheat steam exhausted from HP turbine. After reheating up to 535 degree centigrade same steam is utilised in Intermediate Pressure Turbine.


Barring gear or shaft turning gear is used to rotate turbine rotor at 3.15 rpm when turbine is not running to check bending of rotor due to its own weight.


LP Heaters and HP Heaters are used to heat condensate and feed water supplied to boiler to increase efficiency by steam bled from turbine extraction.


Economiser is used to heat feed water by flue gages to increase efficiency. Heat of waste flue gas is utilised here.


Air Heaters uses heat of waste flue gases to preheat primary and secondary air. There are two types of air heaters tubular and rotary.


Condenser used to condense steam exhausted from turbine.


Condensate Pump are used to supply water to De aerator from condenser Hot well.


CW Pump used to cool steam exhausted from turbine into condensers.


Raw Water is circulated by cw pump into condenser tube hence leakage from condenser tubes must be checked to avoid mixing of raw water into Hot well.


Turbo generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.


H2 Gas used in generators used for cooling of generators.


Seal Oil system used to seal hydrogen gas from escape from generator.


Stator Water Cooling system provides demineralised water into hollow stator conductor of generator for its cooling.


Generating Transformer step up voltage for transmission.


Water Treatment Plant is used to produce demineralised water for steam generation. Cation anion and degasifier’s tower used to separate mineral and gases from water.PAC or alum used to separate mud and silica from water. Here minerals removed from water and ph value is maintained near 7 and silica value must less them 0.02 ppm


Coal Handling Plant supplies Coal to Boiler. Merry go round system or wagon tippler used to unload coal into hoppers. Coal is crushed in crusher to crush it in 25mm size. Magnetic separators used to separate metallic particles from coal.


ABCB, SF6, OCB, MOCB and VCB are circuit breakers used to make or break electricity contact at load.


Isolators are used to make or break contact at no loads.


ABT is availability based tariff system to maintain grid discipline.


Purging is done to clean furnace from combustible gases by running ID Fan and FD Fan at least 30% load for 5 minutes to avoid furnace explosion.


Furnace explosion may be checked by timely purging and adjusting firing properly using right quantity primary and secondary air and timely oil support and avoiding leakage of fuel oil in boiler. Furnace must be purged properly again if flame is not established during light up of boiler.


Flame scanners used to sense flame in boiler to detect flame failure to avoid boiler furnace explosion.


FSSS is furnace safeguards supervisory system to safeguard boiler.


Clinker formation which caused by more ash content having low fusion temperature and mineral in poor quality coal may be checked by proper poking and using more water for flushing and use of clinker grinder and regular soot blowing. Over firing which is also cause of clinker formation may be avoided by proper primary and secondary air ratio.


Acoustic Instruments used to detect early boiler tube leakage to avoid secondary damage to pressure parts, Refractory and structures of Boiler. Boiler must be immediately shut down in case of Boiler tube Leakage.

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